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For the technology company, see Apple Inc. Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. Generally, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples.

Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw, and cider production. Worldwide production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China accounting for nearly half of the total. The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 2 to 4. When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long shoots. The fruit is a pome that matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist in a wide range of sizes.

Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 7 to 8. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below 5. The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted, though many bi- or tri-colored cultivars may be found. The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i. The original wild ancestor of Malus domestica was Malus sieversii, found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and northwestern China. 17 chromosomes and an estimated genome size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been made available, the first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’.

Malus sieversii is recognized as a major progenitor species to the cultivated apple, and is morphologically similar. Due to the genetic variability in Central Asia, this region is generally considered the center of origin for apples. Chinese soft apples, such as M. These are thought to be hybrids between M.

Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild M. At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to around 4000 BCE. Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild Malus sylvestris or Malus domesticus containing Malus sieversii ancestry. There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the Middle East. There was substantial apple production in the European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then.

Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia. Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage. Further, Davidson points out the “strange” phrase “Apples of Hel” used in an 11th-century poem by the skald Thorbiorn Brúnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit.

The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is beauty. Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage.