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BONE has 250,000,000 tokens, and is designed to fit perfectly between the previous two tokens in regards to circulation supply. From its inception, Shiba Inu has done things differently. Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin for safekeeping. SWAP tokens to gain WOOF Returns through our sophisticated and innovative passive income reward system. Who are the Founders of BONE? How to Read and Analyze a White Paper? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title.

Left femur of extinct elephant, Alaska, Ice Age Wellcome L0057714. Bertazzo S – SEM deproteined bone – wistar rat – x10k. A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. Their unique composition and design allows bones to be relatively hard and strong, while remaining lightweight. The elasticity of collagen improves fracture resistance. Bone is actively constructed and remodeled throughout life by special bone cells known as osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Within any single bone, the tissue is woven into two main patterns, known as cortical and cancellous bone, each with a different appearance and characteristics. The hard outer layer of bones is composed of cortical bone, which is also called compact bone as it is much denser than cancellous bone. Cancellous bone, also called trabecular or spongy bone, is the internal tissue of the skeletal bone and is an open cell porous network that follows the material properties of biofoams. It was first illustrated accurately in the engravings of Crisóstomo Martinez. Bone marrow, also known as myeloid tissue in red bone marrow, can be found in almost any bone that holds cancellous tissue.

Blood enters the endosteum, flows through the marrow, and exits through small vessels in the cortex. Bone is metabolically active tissue composed of several types of cells. These cells include osteoblasts, which are involved in the creation and mineralization of bone tissue, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, which are involved in the reabsorption of bone tissue. Light micrograph of decalcified cancellous bone tissue displaying osteoblasts actively synthesizing osteoid, containing two osteocytes. They are located on the surface of osteon seams and make a protein mixture known as osteoid, which mineralizes to become bone.

Osteocytes are cells of mesenchymal origin and originate from osteoblasts that have migrated into and become trapped and surrounded by a bone matrix that they themselves produced. Osteoclasts are very large multinucleate cells that are responsible for the breakdown of bones by the process of bone resorption. New bone is then formed by the osteoblasts. Bone is constantly remodeled by the resorption of osteoclasts and created by osteoblasts. Woven bone is produced when osteoblasts produce osteoid rapidly, which occurs initially in all fetal bones, but is later replaced by more resilient lamellar bone. In adults, woven bone is created after fractures or in Paget’s disease. The extracellular matrix of bone is laid down by osteoblasts, which secrete both collagen and ground substance.

These synthesise collagen within the cell and then secrete collagen fibrils. The collagen fibers rapidly polymerise to form collagen strands. At this stage, they are not yet mineralised, and are called “osteoid”. In order to mineralise the bone, the osteoblasts secrete vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase. This cleaves the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition. The vesicles then rupture and act as a centre for crystals to grow on.

One way to classify bones is by their shape or appearance. There are five types of bones in the human body: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones. Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.

Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the sternum. Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the leverage of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the patella and the pisiform.

Irregular bones do not fit into the above categories. They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. As implied by the name, their shapes are irregular and complicated. Often this irregular shape is due to their many centers of ossification or because they contain bony sinuses. In the study of anatomy, anatomists use a number of anatomical terms to describe the appearance, shape and function of bones. Other anatomical terms are also used to describe the location of bones.

Some examples of terms used to describe bones include the term “foramen” to describe a hole through which something passes, and a “canal” or “meatus” to describe a tunnel-like structure. A protrusion from a bone can be called a number of terms, including a “condyle”, “crest”, “spine”, “eminence”, “tubercle” or “tuberosity”, depending on the protrusion’s shape and location. In general, long bones are said to have a “head”, “neck”, and “body”. When two bones join, they are said to “articulate”. If the two bones have a fibrous connection and are relatively immobile, then the joint is called a “suture”.