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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. The input is left side, the output with load is right side. It is a class of switched-mode power supply. V, down to lower voltages needed by USB, DRAM and the CPU, which are usually 5, 3.

A higher switching frequency allows for use of smaller inductors and capacitors, but also increases lost efficiency to more frequent transistor switching. This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience.

This section may be written in a style that is too abstract to be readily understandable by general audiences. Please improve it by defining technical terminology, and by adding examples. 3: Naming conventions of the components, voltages and current of the buck converter. The conceptual model of the buck converter is best understood in terms of the relation between current and voltage of the inductor. If the switch is opened while the current is still changing, then there will always be a voltage drop across the inductor, so the net voltage at the load will always be less than the input voltage source. The “increase” in average current makes up for the reduction in voltage, and ideally preserves the power provided to the load.

During the off-state, the inductor is discharging its stored energy into the rest of the circuit. L is used to transfer energy from the input to the output of the converter. Assuming that the converter operates in the steady state, the energy stored in each component at the end of a commutation cycle T is equal to that at the beginning of the cycle. The above integrations can be done graphically. For steady state operation, these areas must be equal.

From this equation, it can be seen that the output voltage of the converter varies linearly with the duty cycle for a given input voltage. This is why this converter is referred to as step-down converter. 5: Evolution of the voltages and currents with time in an ideal buck converter operating in discontinuous mode. In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is too small.

In this case, the current through the inductor falls to zero during part of the period. This has, however, some effect on the previous equations. A different control technique known as pulse-frequency modulation can be used to minimize these losses. We still consider that the converter operates in steady state. This implies that the current flowing through the capacitor has a zero average value.