On this Wikipedia the language surprise boyfriend valentines day are at the top of the page across from the article title. This article needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Surprise is intimately connected to the idea of acting in accordance with a set of rules. When the rules of reality generating events of daily life separate from the rule-of-thumb expectations, surprise is the outcome. Surprise represents the difference between expectations and reality, the gap between our assumptions and expectations about worldly events and the way that those events actually turn out. Surprise can also occur due to a violation of expectancies. Interactant variables involve traits of the persons involved in the communication and in this instance the communication leading to surprise, including: sex, socio-economic status, age, race, and appearance.

Environmental variables that effect the communication of surprise include: proxemics, chronemics, and the nature of the surroundings of the interaction. Interaction variables that influence surprise include: social norms, cultural norms, physiological influences, biological influences and unique individual behavioral patterns. Surprise may occur due to a violation of one, two, or a combination of all three factors. Surprise does not always have to have a negative valence. EVT proposes that expectancy’s will influence the outcome of the communication as a confirmation, behaviors within the expected range, or violation, behaviors outside the expected range.